Chemical+families+--+by+Judy+Bai

Welcome to learn Chemical Families.
There are 4 major families in the periodic table. Each of them have their own properties.

A. THE ALKALI METALS: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr The figure came from []
 * || ** symbol ** || ** electron configuration ** ||
 * **lithium** || Li || [He]2s1 ||
 * **sodium** || Na || [Ne]3s1 ||
 * **potassium** || K || [Ar]4s1 ||
 * **rubidium** || Rb || [Kr]5s1 ||
 * **cesium** || Cs || [Xe]6s1 ||
 * **francium** || Fr || [Rn]7s1 ||

=Appearance= The metals in this group have the colour of sliver, and these metals are easily to be cutted on the surface where also the rust/ the metal-oxidation is stay on, then after using a knife to cut the surface the pure metal come out.

=General Reactivity= These metals are highly reactive elements. The reactivity increases going down the group from Lithium to Cesium.

=Physical Properties= Soft, with low melting and boiling temperatures Have low densities ex. Li, Na, and K are less dense than water Low standard enthalpies of melting and vaporization Weak metallic bonding Colors: Li-red, Na-yellow, K-lilac, Rb-red, Cs-blue

**Alkaline earth metals** This figure comes from: [] **Appearance** Comparing with the alkali metals, this group of elements are all metals with shiny, slivery-white colour.
 * || **symbol ** || **electron configuration ** ||
 * **beryllium ** || Be || [He]2s 2  ||
 * **magnesium ** || Mg || [Ne]3s 2  ||
 * **calcium ** || Ca || [Ar]4s 2  ||
 * **strontium ** || Sr || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Kr]5s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">barium ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ba || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Xe]6s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">radium ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ra || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Rn]7s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2  ||

Although the alkaline earth metals are having a high reactivity if series, still not as high as the alkali metals’ reactivity.
 * General reactivity**

Are harder and denser than the sodium and potassium Higher melting points Colors: Mg-brilliant white, Ca-brick-red, Sr-crimson, Ba-apple green
 * Physical properties**


 * Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I **
 * || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">symbol ** || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">electron configuration ** ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">fluorine ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">F || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[He]2s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">5  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">chlorine ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Cl || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Ne]3s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">3p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">5  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">bromine ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Br || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Ar]3d <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">10 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 4p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">5  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">iodine ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">I || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Kr]4d <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">10 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 5p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">5  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">astatine ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">At || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Xe]4f <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">14 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 5d <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">10 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> 6p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">5  ||

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Fluorine is a poisonous pale yellow gas, chlorine is a poisonous pale green gas, bromine is a toxic and caustic brown volatile liquid, and iodine is a shiny black solid.
 * Appearance**

This group of elements are like the non-metals. Generally, electronegativity and oxidising ability decrease on descending the Group. The result of this decreasing electronegativity is increased covalent character in the compounds (information comes from the website called “visual Elements”. It’s a good website! I highly recommend you.)
 * General reactivity**

At room temperature all the halogens exist as diatomic molecules. The melting points, boiling points, atomic radii and ionic radii all increase on descending the Group.
 * Physical properties**

They have ability to oxidize F: has the strongest oxidizing ability Cl: has the next strongest oxidizing ability Br & I: didn’t have a very strong oxidizing ability, but they usually react with UV
 * Chemical properties**

NOBLE GASES <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> all of them are gases, as the name told us
 * || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">symbol ** || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">electron configuration ** ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">helium ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">He || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">neon ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ne || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[He]2s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">6  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">argon ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ar || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Ne]3s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">3p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">6  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">krypton ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Kr || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Ar]3d <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">10 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">6  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">xenon ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Xe || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Kr]4d <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">10 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">6  ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">radon ** || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Rn || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[Xe]4f <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">14 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">5d <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">10 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6s <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">2 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">6p <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt;">6  ||
 * Appearance**

They are very lazy, therefore they will never react.
 * General reactivity**

(I need help for this section, I don’t really understand what the website said. Thanks for helping me!!)
 * Chemical properties**