Solutions+and+Solubility+Introduction


 * __ Solution chemistry __** is the study of chemical reactions happening in solutions.

The properties of a solution can vary greatly because the concentration of the solute in a solvent can be changed.

A **__solution__** is a homogeneous mixture, meaning every part of the mixture is identical. (E.g. Salt water) A **__solvent__** is the component in a solution which exists in the greater quantity. Water is the most common solvent due to its polar characteristics. (E.g. Water is the solvent is salt water. ) Ethanol is also a good solvent since it has both relatively effective polar and nonpolar ends. (Such solutions are found in paints, tinctures, markers, and personal care products such as perfumes and deodorants.) A **__solute__** is the component in a solution which exsits in the smaller quantity. (E.g. Salt is the solute in salt water.)

A solvent is said to be **__saturated__** with a particular solute if the solvent has dissolved as much of the solute as possible. A solution is said to be **__unsaturated__** if it can dissolve more of the solute being added.

//__ How do determine whether the solution is saturated with a solute? __// If there is a constant amout of undissolved solute present when the solution is kept in a sealed container at a constant temperature, then the solution is considered to be saturated with **that solute**.


 * *Note ** that the state of being saturated is independent for different types of solute. If a solution is saturated with solute A, it may still be unsaturated with solute B; therefore, simply saying “the solution is saturated” is incorrect. ** Remember to pay attention to the wording “saturated/unsaturated with…” here. **

A solute is **__soluble__** in a solvent if the solute and the solvent mix to form a homogeneous mixture. A solute is **__insoluble__** in a solvent if little or no solute is able to dissolve in the solvent.


 * *Note ** that “saturated” and “concentrated” are not equivalent. “Saturated” means the amout of a certain type of solute has reached its maximum point while “concentrated” means the amout of solute is comparetively large.

The **__solubility__** of a solute is the maximum amout of the solute which can dissolve in a given amout of solvent at a given temperature. Solubility can be affected by **__the nature of the solute__**, **__the nature of the solvent__**, **__pressure__** and **__temperature__**. The followings **must** be included when defining solubility:  The solute being used  The amout of solute used  The solvent being used  The amout of solvent used  The temperature of the solution

//Read the __Solubility Graph__:// You may read that:
 * [[image:http://www.buhs.k12.vt.us/science/physicalscience/Lab%20images/0009-004-sol-v-t.gif width="392" height="364"]]

The **intersection** in the solubility graph means that the solubility of the two or more substances is the same at such temperature.
 * At 20 degrees Celsius, 35g sodium chloride can dissolve in every 100g water.
 * At around 100 degrees Celsius, the solubility of potassium chloride and potassium clorate is the same--about 59g in every 100g water.

How temperature and pressure affects solubility : (Henry's Law) || There are three ways to increase the rate of dissolving: **stirring**, **pulverizing** (make powder, to increase the solute’s surface area) and **heating**.
 * =  ||= Temperature increases ||= Pressure Effect ||
 * = Solid ||= Solubility increases ||= Little effect ||
 * = Gas ||= Solubility decreases ||= Solubility 1: Pressure 1 = Solubility 2 : Pressure 2

Solutes are most likely to be dissolved in solvents with **__similar characteristics__**: ionic and polar solutes are dissolved in polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes are dissolved in nonpolar solvents.

References
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